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Georgia

Did you know that?

Georgiaโ€™s forests are threatened by unsustainable forest practices, illegal logging and grazing, climate change and others. Degradation and the loss of Georgiaโ€™s forests are caused by a number of factors which act together in a complex system. International and domestic markets in Georgia focus on profit and pay little or no attention to the environmental and social impacts of their activities. Because of the lack of alternative energy supplies, people in forest dependent communities are forced to cut trees illegally. National policy for the forestry sector is poorly developed while legal frameworks are weakened by gaps and conflicts in the laws.

The main objectives of the Program in Georgia are to contribute to establishing legal and sustainable forest management and practices, strengthening the rule of law, and enhancing local livelihoods. The ENPI FLEG Program is funded by the European Union. The three implementing partners of the program in Georgia are the World Bank, WWF and IUCN. 

The country work plan for Georgia includes four sets of activities: 

  • Raising awareness on FLEG, public involvement in decision making and strengthening communication capacities of key institutions; 
  • Increasing national ownership and improving FLEG planning and monitoring by national institutions; 
  • Training and capacity building of decision makers and specialists from stakeholder authorities for improved forest governance and law enforcement; 
  • Regional/cross country collaboration and knowledge sharing. 

Under the main activities there are specific ongoing activities in Georgia:

An introductory leaflet was printed in English and Georgian. The ENPI-FLEG Electronic Newsletter is disseminated on a quarterly basis and the national website www.enpi-fleg.ge is up and running.

A meeting on of voluntary forest certification and national sustainable forest management standards took place in Tbilisi on May 5. The meeting was organized by WWF in the framework of the ENPI FLEG program. Please, see link

Journalist shooting during field trip by S.Pirgaru

Country specific media monitoring and analyzing plans and strategies to work with journalists are being developed by IUCN under the media component. The information database on journalists working in the environmental field is also prepared and is regularly updated. The training in Environmental Civil Journalism was carried out in Abastumani, May 14-17, 2010. 19 journalists (total 80 applicants) representing national and regional media, including newspapers, radio, TV stations, internet portals, news agencies and media related organizations were selected based on specific criteria. 6 video clips, 9 blogs and 6 articles were created by journalists during the training and were later published in the press or posted online (available only in Georgian).

In the framework of the ENPI FLEG Program experts of the Vasil Gulisashvili Forest Institute are conducting a study on the economic and social impact of unsustainable forest practices in Georgia. Another study on current practices of sustainable forest management is almost completed.

Other activities to be conducted under the workplan for Georgia include:

  • Awareness raising campaigns within the private sector, promoting the adoption of Responsible Purchasing Policies;
  • Strengthening of capacity of the local communities for revenue collection from utilization of timber and non-timber forest products in a sustainable manner;
  • Development of indicators and methodology for assessment of illegal logging and forest crime; as well as the methodology and guidelines for classification of Georgian Forests based on internationally acknowledged ecosystem approach and sustainability;
  • Development of training modules and conducting trainings for forestry personnel, forest inventory specialists, environmental protection inspection and environmental crime investigation department of the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural resources of Georgia;
  • Regional workshop on voluntary forest certification and capacity building activities for improved custom procedure, better traceability (wood tracking systems) and monitoring  in order to contain illegally harvested timber flow;
  • A regional workshop on transboundary timber flow is planned for the autumn 2010.

Visit the Georgia ENPI FLEG website  for more information.


แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ

แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒขแƒงแƒ”แƒก แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒกแƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒคแƒ แƒ—แƒฎแƒ” แƒ”แƒ›แƒฃแƒฅแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒขแƒงแƒ”แƒ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒก, แƒแƒ แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ’แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒญแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒซแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ™แƒšแƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒชแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ”แƒ–แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒ. แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒขแƒงแƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฌแƒ•แƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒœ แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒก แƒขแƒงแƒ”แƒ–แƒ” แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ–แƒแƒ แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒ›แƒแƒก. แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒ แƒขแƒงแƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒก แƒœแƒแƒ™แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒฅแƒชแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ–แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒ‘แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ“แƒแƒชแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ  แƒแƒกแƒžแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ”. แƒขแƒงแƒ”แƒ–แƒ” แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒš แƒ แƒแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ แƒ’แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒšแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒœแƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒงแƒแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒœแƒแƒ™แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒฃแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒซแƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒฃแƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒœแƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒฉแƒ”แƒฎแƒแƒก แƒขแƒงแƒ”. แƒกแƒแƒขแƒงแƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ แƒกแƒฃแƒกแƒขแƒแƒ“แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜, แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ• แƒฉแƒแƒ แƒฉแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ™แƒ˜ แƒแƒกแƒฃแƒกแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒœแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒ–แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜.

แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒซแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ แƒฌแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒœแƒแƒก แƒขแƒงแƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ“แƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒฃแƒ–แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒฌแƒงแƒแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜. ENPI FLEG แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ แƒคแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒœแƒกแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ . แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒ˜ (WB), แƒ‘แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒชแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒคแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ˜ (WWF) แƒ“แƒ แƒ‘แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒชแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜ (IUCN).

แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ’แƒ›แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒฌแƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒแƒ—แƒฎแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘:

  • FLEG-แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘ แƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒกแƒแƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฉแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒฌแƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒกแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒฌแƒแƒ›แƒงแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒฃแƒœแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ;
  • FLEG-แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒกแƒจแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒแƒก แƒฉแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ  แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ“แƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒ’แƒ›แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ’แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒฃแƒ›แƒฏแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ;
  • แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒฌแƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒ” แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒžแƒ”แƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒขแƒ แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒœแƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒขแƒงแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒฃแƒ›แƒฏแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒœแƒแƒฆแƒกแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก;
  • แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒชแƒแƒ“แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ.

แƒแƒ› แƒซแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒ›แƒŸแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒกแƒžแƒ”แƒชแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜: 

แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒš แƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ’แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒฃแƒ  แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ” แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒ‘แƒ”แƒญแƒ“แƒ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘ แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒšแƒ˜แƒคแƒšแƒ”แƒขแƒ˜. ENPI-FLEG แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ–แƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ•แƒ แƒชแƒ”แƒšแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ™แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒขแƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“. แƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘-แƒ’แƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ“แƒ˜.

ENPI FLEG แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ 5 แƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒกแƒก แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ WWF-แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ  แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ–แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒขแƒงแƒ˜แƒก แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒงแƒแƒคแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒกแƒ”แƒ แƒขแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒขแƒงแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ“แƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒขแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒแƒ แƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘ [แƒ˜แƒฎ.แƒšแƒ˜แƒœแƒ™แƒ˜.]

IUCN-แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒœแƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒ•แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ’แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒœแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒ”แƒ’แƒ›แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒŸแƒฃแƒ แƒœแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒ. แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒ“แƒแƒชแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ—แƒ”แƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒ•แƒ” แƒŸแƒฃแƒ แƒœแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒแƒชแƒ”แƒ›แƒ—แƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฎแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. 2010 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก 14-17 แƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒกแƒก แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒกแƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒแƒœแƒจแƒ˜ แƒฉแƒแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒขแƒ แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒœแƒ’แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒ“แƒแƒชแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒแƒšแƒแƒฅแƒ แƒŸแƒฃแƒ แƒœแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒจแƒ˜. แƒขแƒ แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒœแƒ’แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒ แƒ“แƒGแƒ’แƒแƒœแƒแƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒœแƒ แƒ“แƒแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— 90-แƒ›แƒ แƒŸแƒฃแƒ แƒœแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ›แƒ, แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒแƒช แƒฌแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ  แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒแƒ–แƒฆแƒ•แƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒ แƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒฃแƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ 19 แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒ•แƒ. แƒจแƒ”แƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒŸแƒฃแƒ แƒœแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒœ แƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒฃแƒš แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ  แƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ-แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒŸแƒฃแƒ แƒœแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒแƒก, แƒขแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒœแƒ”แƒข-แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก, แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒ›แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜แƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฉแƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒ—. แƒขแƒ แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒœแƒ’แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒŸแƒฃแƒ แƒœแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ›แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒแƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒก 6 แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ แƒ™แƒšแƒ˜แƒžแƒ˜, 9 แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ 6 แƒกแƒขแƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒœ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒกแƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒœแƒ”แƒขแƒจแƒ˜.

ENPI FLEG แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒš แƒ’แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒขแƒงแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒœแƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒขแƒฃแƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒ™แƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒขแƒงแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘. แƒ›แƒ”แƒแƒ แƒ” แƒ™แƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒ”แƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒขแƒงแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒขแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒแƒ แƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒก, แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜แƒ.

แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช ENPI FLEG แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ’แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ“แƒ”แƒก, แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜:

  • แƒ™แƒ”แƒ แƒซแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ แƒจแƒ˜ แƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒžแƒแƒกแƒฃแƒฎแƒ˜แƒกแƒ›แƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒงแƒ˜แƒ“แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒจแƒ”แƒฌแƒงแƒแƒ‘แƒ;
  • แƒขแƒงแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ แƒฅแƒœแƒ” แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ แƒแƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ แƒฅแƒœแƒ” แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒฃแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ“แƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒ”แƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒจแƒ”แƒฌแƒงแƒแƒ‘แƒ;
  • แƒขแƒงแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ’แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒญแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒขแƒงแƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ แƒจแƒ˜ แƒฉแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒแƒจแƒแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒจแƒขแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒคแƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒœแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ; แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ”, แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒขแƒงแƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒšแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒซแƒฆแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒฌแƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช แƒ“แƒแƒ”แƒคแƒฃแƒซแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ“ แƒแƒฆแƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒš แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ”แƒ›แƒฃแƒ  แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ“แƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒก;
  • แƒกแƒแƒขแƒงแƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒแƒœแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก, แƒกแƒแƒขแƒงแƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒžแƒ”แƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก, แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒก แƒ“แƒแƒชแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ‘แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒแƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒก แƒ“แƒแƒชแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒœแƒกแƒžแƒ”แƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒซแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒขแƒ แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒœแƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒขแƒ แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒœแƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฉแƒแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ;
  • แƒขแƒงแƒ˜แƒก แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒงแƒแƒคแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒกแƒ”แƒ แƒขแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘ แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒกแƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒฉแƒแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒแƒ แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ’แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒแƒžแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒ”-แƒขแƒงแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ–แƒฆแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ–แƒ” แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒขแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒฆแƒ™แƒ•แƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ˜แƒ— แƒ˜แƒ› แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒฃแƒฌแƒงแƒแƒ‘แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒŸแƒ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒ“แƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒฃแƒ›แƒฏแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก, แƒฎแƒ”-แƒขแƒงแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ–แƒฆแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒแƒซแƒ แƒแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฃแƒ™แƒ”แƒ— แƒแƒฆแƒ แƒ˜แƒชแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ’แƒก;
  • แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒจแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒ”-แƒขแƒงแƒ˜แƒก แƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒกแƒกแƒแƒกแƒแƒ–แƒฆแƒ•แƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒซแƒ แƒแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒกแƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒฉแƒแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒ’แƒ›แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒ 2010 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก.

แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒฌแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ— ENPI FLEG แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒš แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘-แƒ’แƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ“แƒก.